系统 /boot 分区损坏
一般来说系统 /boot 分区损坏,我们会先尝试修复文件系统。如果文件系统损坏不能修复,那么我们可以参照前述的方法来依次新建 /boot 分区,重新安装内核和镜像,然后安装 GURB 再手工编辑引导菜单,以最终来恢复系统可正常引导。通常我们需要按照如下的步骤来恢复。
创建分区
碰到比较严重的情况就是 /boot 分区已经完全损坏,启动时会提示找不到引导设备。
图 8. 引导分区损坏
挂载安装盘后进入援救模式,查看分区情况,发现分区 /dev/sda1 不存在。
- bash-4.1#
- Disk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes
- 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders
- Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
- Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- Disk identifier: 0x00000000
- Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
- /dev/sda2 17 147 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris
- Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
- /dev/sda3 147 5227 40803328 83 Linux
- Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes
- 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders
- Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
- Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- Disk identifier: 0xcdd48395
- Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
- /dev/sdb1 1 261 2096451 83 Linux
新建一个分区并且设置它为启动分区。
- bash-4.1# fdisk /dev/sda
- WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
- switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
- sectors (command 'u').
- Command (m for help): n
- Command action
- e extended
- p primary partition (1-4)
- p
- Partition number (1-4): 1
- First cylinder (1-5226, default 1):
- Using default value 1
- Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-16, default 16):
- Using default value 16
- Command (m for help): a
- Partition number (1-4): 1
- Command (m for help): p
- Disk /dev/sda: 43.0 GB, 42991616000 bytes
- 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5226 cylinders
- Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
- Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- Disk identifier: 0x00000000
- Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
- /dev/sda1 * 1 16 128488+ 83 Linux
- /dev/sda2 17 147 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris
- Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
- /dev/sda3 147 5227 40803328 83 Linux
- Command (m for help): w
- The partition table has been altered!
重启主机以更新分区表,然后进入援救模式,并在我们新创建的分区上创建文件系统。
- bash-4.1# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
- Filesystem label=
- OS type: Linux
- Block size=1024 (log=0)
- Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
- Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
- 32128 inodes, 128488 blocks
- 6424 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
- First data block=1
- Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
- 16 block groups
- 8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
- 2008 inodes per group
- Superblock backups stored on blocks:
- 8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
- Writing inode tables: done
- Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
- Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
- This filesystem will be automatically checked every 38 mounts or
- 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
安装内核镜像文件
通过前述的方法我们安装内核和镜像文件。
- bash-4.1# chroot /mnt/sysp_w_picpath
- sh-4.1# mount /dev/sda1 /boot
- sh-4.1# mount – o loop /dev/sr0 /media
- sh-4.1# cd /media/Server/Packages
- sh-4.1# rpm -ivh --force kernel-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.rpm
- warning: kernel-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.rpm:
- Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
- Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
- 1:kernel ########################################### [100%]
安装 GRUB
我们安装 GRUB 到硬盘设备 sda 上。
- sh-4.1# grub-install /dev/sda
- Installation finished. No error reported.
- This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map.
- Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
- fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.
- (fd0) /dev/fd0
- (hd0) /dev/sda
- (hd1) /dev/sdb
编辑引导菜单
由于我们创建了新的分区,其对应的 UUID 会发生变化,可以通过命令 blkid 来查询分区的 UUID。
- bash-4.1# blkid
- /dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs"
- /dev/sda2: UUID="7b1e0fac-ff06-492c-848d-497e2a38c54e" TYPE="swap"
- /dev/sda3: UUID="ef89764e-04ff-4f26-ae82-dcab267ecc66" TYPE="ext4"
- /dev/sdb1: UUID="2b824352-df2a-44c6-a547-838d46f526fa" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3"
- /dev/loop1: LABEL="RHEL_6.0 x86_64 Disc 1" TYPE="iso9660"
- /dev/sda1: UUID="cec964af-1618-48ff-ac33-4ef71b9d3265" TYPE="ext4"
上述的 sda3 为根分区,编辑 /boot/grub/grub.conf 文件更新其对应的 UUID,其内容如下。
- title Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
- root (hd0,0)
- kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64
- root=UUID=ef89764e-04ff-4f26-ae82-dcab267ecc66 rhgb quiet
- initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.x86_64.img
更新 /etc/fstab
类似的我们也需要更新 /etc/fstab 里 /boot 分区对应的新 UUID,其内容如下。
- #
- # /etc/fstab
- # Created by anaconda on Sun Mar 18 04:35:07 2012
- #
- # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
- # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
- #
- UUID=ef89764e-04ff-4f26-ae82-dcab267ecc66 / ext4 defaults 1 1
- UUID=cec964af-1618-48ff-ac33-4ef71b9d3265 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
- UUID=7b1e0fac-ff06-492c-848d-497e2a38c54e swap swap defaults 0 0
- tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
- devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
- sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
- proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
现在我们的恢复步骤已经完成,重启主机后 GRUB 中可见我们配置的系统列表。
图 9. GRUB 菜单
至此 /boot 分区已恢复,系统可正常引导启动。
图 10. 系统启动
总结
本文阐述了常见的 Linux 灾难恢复技术和方法,及其出现严重灾难时应注意的恢复顺序,以确保 Linux 系统在出现灾难时得以安全恢复。