目录
- python多进程
- 序.multiprocessing
- 一、Process
- process介绍
- 例1.1:创建函数并将其作为单个进程
- 例1.2:创建函数并将其作为多个进程
- 例1.3:将进程定义为类
- 例1.4:daemon程序对比结果
- 二、Lock
- 三、Semaphore
- 四、Event
- 五、Queue
- 六、Pipe
- 七、Pool
- 例7.1:使用进程池(非阻塞)
- 例7.2:使用进程池(阻塞)
- 例7.3:使用进程池,并关注结果
- 例7.4:使用多个进程池
python多进程
序.multiprocessing
python中的多线程其实并不是真正的多线程,如果想要充分地使用多核CPU的资源,在python中大部分情况需要使用多进程。Python提供了非常好用的多进程包multiprocessing,只需要定义一个函数,Python会完成其他所有事情。借助这个包,可以轻松完成从单进程到并发执行的转换。multiprocessing支持子进程、通信和共享数据、执行不同形式的同步,提供了Process、Queue、Pipe、Lock等组件。
一、Process
process介绍
创建进程的类:Process([group [, target [, name [, args [, kwargs]]]]]),target表示调用对象,args表示调用对象的位置参数元组。kwargs表示调用对象的字典。name为别名。group实质上不使用。
方法:is_alive()、join([timeout])、run()、start()、terminate()。其中,Process以start()启动某个进程。
属性:authkey、daemon(要通过start()设置)、exitcode(进程在运行时为None、如果为–N,表示被信号N结束)、name、pid。其中daemon是父进程终止后自动终止,且自己不能产生新进程,必须在start()之前设置。
例1.1:创建函数并将其作为单个进程
import multiprocessing
import timedef worker(interval):n = 5while n > 0:print("The time is {0}".format(time.ctime()))time.sleep(interval)n -= 1if __name__ == "__main__":p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))p.start()print("p.pid:", p.pid)print("p.name:", p.name)print("p.is_alive:", p.is_alive())------------------------------------------------>>> p.pid: 1004
>>> p.name: Process-1
>>> p.is_alive: True
>>> The time is Mon Jul 29 21:31:11 2019
>>> The time is Mon Jul 29 21:31:14 2019
>>> The time is Mon Jul 29 21:31:17 2019
>>> The time is Mon Jul 29 21:31:20 2019
>>> The time is Mon Jul 29 21:31:23 2019
例1.2:创建函数并将其作为多个进程
import multiprocessing
import timedef worker_1(interval):print("worker_1")time.sleep(interval)print("end worker_1")def worker_2(interval):print("worker_2")time.sleep(interval)print("end worker_2")def worker_3(interval):print("worker_3")time.sleep(interval)print("end worker_3")if __name__ == "__main__":p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_1, args = (2,))p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_2, args = (3,))p3 = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_3, args = (4,))p1.start()p2.start()p3.start()print("The number of CPU is:" + str(multiprocessing.cpu_count()))for p in multiprocessing.active_children():print("child p.name:" + p.name + " p.id" + str(p.pid))print("END")------------------------------------------------>>> The number of CPU is:8
>>> child p.name:Process-3 p.id18208
>>> child p.name:Process-2 p.id1404
>>> child p.name:Process-1 p.id11684
>>> END
>>> worker_1
>>> worker_2
>>> worker_3
>>> end worker_1
>>> end worker_2
>>> end worker_3
例1.3:将进程定义为类
import multiprocessing
import timeclass ClockProcess(multiprocessing.Process):def __init__(self, interval):multiprocessing.Process.__init__(self)self.interval = intervaldef run(self):n = 5while n > 0:print("the time is {0}".format(time.ctime()))time.sleep(self.interval)n -= 1if __name__ == '__main__':p = ClockProcess(3)p.start() ------------------------------------------------>>> the time is Mon Jul 29 21:43:07 2019
>>> the time is Mon Jul 29 21:43:10 2019
>>> the time is Mon Jul 29 21:43:13 2019
>>> the time is Mon Jul 29 21:43:16 2019
>>> the time is Mon Jul 29 21:43:19 2019
注:进程p调用start()时,自动调用run()
例1.4:daemon程序对比结果
1.4-1 不加daemon属性
import multiprocessing
import timedef worker(interval):print("work start:{0}".format(time.ctime()));time.sleep(interval)print("work end:{0}".format(time.ctime()));if __name__ == "__main__":p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))p.start()print("end!")------------------------------------------------>>> end!
>>> work start:Tue Jul 29 21:29:10 2019
>>> work end:Tue Jul 29 21:29:13 2019
1.4-2 加上daemon属性
import multiprocessing
import timedef worker(interval):print("work start:{0}".format(time.ctime()));time.sleep(interval)print("work end:{0}".format(time.ctime()));if __name__ == "__main__":p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))p.daemon = Truep.start()print("end!")------------------------------------------------>>> end!
注:因子进程设置了daemon属性,主进程结束,它们就随着结束了。
1.4-3 设置daemon执行完结束的方法
import multiprocessing
import timedef worker(interval):print("work start:{0}".format(time.ctime()));time.sleep(interval)print("work end:{0}".format(time.ctime()));if __name__ == "__main__":p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))p.daemon = Truep.start()p.join()print("end!")------------------------------------------------>>> work start:Tue Jul 29 22:16:32 2019
>>> work end:Tue Jul 29 22:16:35 2019
>>> end!
二、Lock
当多个进程需要访问共享资源的时候,Lock可以用来避免访问的冲突。
import multiprocessing
import sysdef worker_with(lock, f):with lock:fs = open(f, 'a+')n = 10while n > 1:fs.write("Lockd acquired via with
")n -= 1fs.close()def worker_no_with(lock, f):lock.acquire()try:fs = open(f, 'a+')n = 10while n > 1:fs.write("Lock acquired directly
")n -= 1fs.close()finally:lock.release()if __name__ == "__main__":lock = multiprocessing.Lock()f = "file.txt"w = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_with, args=(lock, f))nw = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_no_with, args=(lock, f))w.start()nw.start()print("end")------------------------------------------------>>> Lockd acquired via with
>>> Lockd acquired via with
>>> Lockd acquired via with
>>> Lockd acquired via with
>>> Lockd acquired via with
>>> Lockd acquired via with
>>> Lockd acquired via with
>>> Lockd acquired via with
>>> Lockd acquired via with
>>> Lock acquired directly
>>> Lock acquired directly
>>> Lock acquired directly
>>> Lock acquired directly
>>> Lock acquired directly
>>> Lock acquired directly
>>> Lock acquired directly
>>> Lock acquired directly
>>> Lock acquired directly
三、Semaphore
Semaphore用来控制对共享资源的访问数量,例如池的最大连接数。
import multiprocessing
import timedef worker(s, i):s.acquire()print(multiprocessing.current_process().name + "acquire");time.sleep(i)print(multiprocessing.current_process().name + "release
");s.release()if __name__ == "__main__":s = multiprocessing.Semaphore(2)for i in range(5):p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args=(s, i*2))p.start()------------------------------------------------>>> Process-1acquire
>>> Process-1release
>>>
>>> Process-2acquire
>>> Process-3acquire
>>> Process-2release
>>>
>>> Process-5acquire
>>> Process-3release
>>>
>>> Process-4acquire
>>> Process-5release
>>>
>>> Process-4release
四、Event
Event用来实现进程间同步通信。
import multiprocessing
import timedef wait_for_event(e):print("wait_for_event: starting")e.wait()print("wairt_for_event: e.is_set()->" + str(e.is_set()))def wait_for_event_timeout(e, t):print("wait_for_event_timeout:starting")e.wait(t)print("wait_for_event_timeout:e.is_set->" + str(e.is_set()))if __name__ == "__main__":e = multiprocessing.Event()w1 = multiprocessing.Process(name = "block",target = wait_for_event,args = (e,))w2 = multiprocessing.Process(name = "non-block",target = wait_for_event_timeout,args = (e, 2))w1.start()w2.start()time.sleep(3)e.set()print("main: event is set")------------------------------------------------>>> wait_for_event: starting
>>> wait_for_event_timeout:starting
>>> wait_for_event_timeout:e.is_set->False
>>> main: event is set
>>> wairt_for_event: e.is_set()->True
五、Queue
Queue是多进程安全的队列,可以使用Queue实现多进程之间的数据传递。put方法用以插入数据到队列中,put方法还有两个可选参数:blocked和timeout。如果blocked为True(默认值),并且timeout为正值,该方法会阻塞timeout指定的时间,直到该队列有剩余的空间。如果超时,会抛出Queue.Full异常。如果blocked为False,但该Queue已满,会立即抛出Queue.Full异常。
get方法可以从队列读取并且删除一个元素。同样,get方法有两个可选参数:blocked和timeout。如果blocked为True(默认值),并且timeout为正值,那么在等待时间内没有取到任何元素,会抛出Queue.Empty异常。如果blocked为False,有两种情况存在,如果Queue有一个值可用,则立即返回该值,否则,如果队列为空,则立即抛出Queue.Empty异常。Queue的一段示例代码:
import multiprocessingdef writer_proc(q): try: q.put(1, block = False) except: pass def reader_proc(q): try: print(q.get(block = False))except: passif __name__ == "__main__":q = multiprocessing.Queue()writer = multiprocessing.Process(target=writer_proc, args=(q,)) writer.start() reader = multiprocessing.Process(target=reader_proc, args=(q,)) reader.start() reader.join() writer.join()------------------------------------------------>>> 1
六、Pipe
Pipe方法返回(conn1, conn2)代表一个管道的两个端。Pipe方法有duplex参数,如果duplex参数为True(默认值),那么这个管道是全双工模式,也就是说conn1和conn2均可收发。duplex为False,conn1只负责接受消息,conn2只负责发送消息。
send和recv方法分别是发送和接受消息的方法。例如,在全双工模式下,可以调用conn1.send发送消息,conn1.recv接收消息。如果没有消息可接收,recv方法会一直阻塞。如果管道已经被关闭,那么recv方法会抛出EOFError。
import multiprocessing
import timedef proc1(pipe):while True:for i in range(10000):print("send: %s" %(i))pipe.send(i)time.sleep(1)def proc2(pipe):while True:print("proc2 rev:", pipe.recv())time.sleep(1)def proc3(pipe):while True:print("PROC3 rev:", pipe.recv())time.sleep(1)if __name__ == "__main__":pipe = multiprocessing.Pipe()p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=proc1, args=(pipe[0],))p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target=proc2, args=(pipe[1],))# p3 = multiprocessing.Process(target=proc3, args=(pipe[1],))p1.start()p2.start()# p3.start()p1.join()p2.join()# p3.join()------------------------------------------------>>> send: 0
>>> roc2 rev: 0
>>> send: 1
>>> proc2 rev: 1
>>> send: 2
>>> proc2 rev: 2
>>> send: 3
>>> proc2 rev: 3
>>> send: 4
>>> proc2 rev: 4
>>> send: 5
>>> proc2 rev: 5
>>> send: 6
>>> proc2 rev: 6
>>> send: 7
>>> proc2 rev: 7
>>> send: 8
>>> proc2 rev: 8......
七、Pool
在利用Python进行系统管理的时候,特别是同时操作多个文件目录,或者远程控制多台主机,并行操作可以节约大量的时间。当被操作对象数目不大时,可以直接利用multiprocessing中的Process动态成生多个进程,十几个还好,但如果是上百个,上千个目标,手动的去限制进程数量却又太过繁琐,此时可以发挥进程池的功效。
Pool可以提供指定数量的进程,供用户调用,当有新的请求提交到pool中时,如果池还没有满,那么就会创建一个新的进程用来执行该请求;但如果池中的进程数已经达到规定最大值,那么该请求就会等待,直到池中有进程结束,才会创建新的进程来它。
例7.1:使用进程池(非阻塞)
import multiprocessing
import timedef func(msg):print("msg:", msg)time.sleep(3)print("end")if __name__ == "__main__":pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes = 3)for i in range(4):msg = "hello %d" %(i)pool.apply_async(func, (msg, )) #维持执行的进程总数为processes,当一个进程执行完毕后会添加新的进程进去print("Mark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~")pool.close()pool.join() #调用join之前,先调用close函数,否则会出错。执行完close后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待所有子进程结束print("Sub-process(es) done.")------------------------------------------------>>> Mark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
>>> msg: hello 0
>>> msg: hello 1
>>> msg: hello 2
>>> end
>>> msg: hello 3
>>> end
>>> end
>>> end
>>> Sub-process(es) done.
函数解释:
- apply_async(func[, args[, kwds[, callback]]]) 它是非阻塞,apply(func[, args[, kwds]])是阻塞的(理解区别,看例1例2结果区别)
- close() 关闭pool,使其不在接受新的任务。
- terminate() 结束工作进程,不在处理未完成的任务。
- join() 主进程阻塞,等待子进程的退出, join方法要在close或terminate之后使用。
执行说明:创建一个进程池pool,并设定进程的数量为3,xrange(4)会相继产生四个对象[0, 1, 2, 4],四个对象被提交到pool中,因pool指定进程数为3,所以0、1、2会直接送到进程中执行,当其中一个执行完事后才空出一个进程处理对象3,所以会出现输出“msg: hello 3”出现在"end"后。因为为非阻塞,主函数会自己执行自个的,不搭理进程的执行,所以运行完for循环后直接输出“mMsg: hark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~”,主程序在pool.join()处等待各个进程的结束。
例7.2:使用进程池(阻塞)
import multiprocessing
import timedef func(msg):print("msg:", msg)time.sleep(3)print("end")if __name__ == "__main__":pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes = 3)for i in range(4):msg = "hello %d" %(i)pool.apply(func, (msg, )) #维持执行的进程总数为processes,当一个进程执行完毕后会添加新的进程进去print("Mark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~")pool.close()pool.join() #调用join之前,先调用close函数,否则会出错。执行完close后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待所有子进程结束print("Sub-process(es) done.")------------------------------------------------>>> msg: hello 0
>>> end
>>> msg: hello 1
>>> end
>>> msg: hello 2
>>> end
>>> msg: hello 3
>>> end
>>> Mark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
>>> Sub-process(es) done.
例7.3:使用进程池,并关注结果
import multiprocessing
import timedef func(msg):print("msg:", msg)time.sleep(3)print("end")return "done" + msgif __name__ == "__main__":pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=4)result = []for i in range(3):msg = "hello %d" %(i)result.append(pool.apply_async(func, (msg, )))pool.close()pool.join()for res in result:print(":::", res.get())print("Sub-process(es) done.")------------------------------------------------>>> msg: hello 0
>>> msg: hello 1
>>> msg: hello 2
>>> end
>>> end
>>> end
>>> ::: donehello 0
>>> ::: donehello 1
>>> ::: donehello 2
>>> Sub-process(es) done.
例7.4:使用多个进程池
import multiprocessing
import os, time, randomdef Lee():print("
Run task Lee-%s" % (os.getpid())) # os.getpid()获取当前的进程的IDstart = time.time()time.sleep(random.random() * 10) # random.random()随机生成0-1之间的小数end = time.time()print('Task Lee, runs %0.2f seconds.' % (end - start))def Marlon():print("
Run task Marlon-%s" % (os.getpid()))start = time.time()time.sleep(random.random() * 40)end = time.time()print('Task Marlon runs %0.2f seconds.' % (end - start))def Allen():print("
Run task Allen-%s" % (os.getpid()))start = time.time()time.sleep(random.random() * 30)end = time.time()print('Task Allen runs %0.2f seconds.' % (end - start))def Frank():print("
Run task Frank-%s" % (os.getpid()))start = time.time()time.sleep(random.random() * 20)end = time.time()print('Task Frank runs %0.2f seconds.' % (end - start))if __name__ == '__main__':function_list = [Lee, Marlon, Allen, Frank]print("parent process %s" % (os.getpid()))pool = multiprocessing.Pool(4)for func in function_list:pool.apply_async(func) # Pool执行函数,apply执行函数,当有一个进程执行完毕后,会添加一个新的进程到pool中print('Waiting for all subprocesses done...')pool.close()pool.join() # 调用join之前,一定要先调用close() 函数,否则会出错, close()执行后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待素有子进程结束print('All subprocesses done.')------------------------------------------------>>> parent process 9828
>>> Waiting for all subprocesses done...
>>>
>>> Run task Lee-12948
>>>
>>> Run task Marlon-8948
>>>
>>> Run task Allen-18124
>>>
>>> Run task Frank-17404
>>> Task Frank runs 3.42 seconds.
>>> Task Lee, runs 6.69 seconds.
>>> Task Allen runs 8.38 seconds.
>>> Task Marlon runs 13.37 seconds.
>>> All subprocesses done.